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Objectives  To investigate associations between perceived autonomy support from health-care professionals, autonomy-driven motivation, diabetes self-perceived competence and self-esteem in adults (age 18–55 yrs) with suboptimally regulated type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with at least one HbA1c≥8.0% (≥64 mmol/mol) during the past year, and whether these factors could predict decrease in self-esteem over time.    Methods  A cross-sectional population-based survey was performed, and 9 months follow-up data were collected. Data collection comprised clinical and socio-demographic variables, blood sampling (HbA 1c)  and self-report questionnaires; the Health Care Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ), Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ), the Perceived Competence in Diabetes Scale (PCDS), and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES). We fitted block-wise linear regression models to assess associations between RSES and variables of interest (HCCQ, TSRQ, PCDS, HbA 1c , clinical and socio-demographic variables) and linear regression models to assess predictors of change over time.    Findings  In this study sample, aged 36.7 (±10.7) mean HbA 1c  9.3% (±1.1), 31.5% had long-term complications and 42.7% had experienced severe hypoglycemia within the previous 12 months. In the final regression model the association between PCDS and RSES was strongly significant (B = 1.99,  p <0.001) and the associations between HCCQ, TSRQ and RSES were reduced to non-significance. All predictor variables combined explained 42% of the variability of RSES (adjusted R 2  = 0.423) with PCDS contributing 18% to explained variance (R-square change = 0.184,  p <0.001). The strongest predictors of change in RSES over time were long-term complications (B = 2.76,  p<0 . 001 ), specifically foot-related problems, and being female (B = -2.16,  p  = 0.002).    Conclusions  Perceived autonomy support, autonomy-driven motivation and diabetes self-perceived competence play a significant role in explaining self-esteem among adults with suboptimally regulated T1DM. Healthcare professionals should acknowledge self-esteem as a valuable factor in understanding the multifaceted health choices people with T1DM make.    Trial registration  Clinical Trials.gov with identification number  NCT 01317459 .

Factors explaining variation in self-esteem among persons with type 1 diabetes and elevated HbA1c