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The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians is caused by the chytrid fungus  Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis  ( Bd ) and has resulted in dramatic declines and extinctions of amphibian populations worldwide. A hypervirulent, globally-dispersed pandemic lineage ( Bd -GPL) is thought to be largely responsible for population declines and extinctions, although numerous endemic lineages have also been found. Recent reports of amphibian declines have been linked to the emergence of  Bd  in Cameroon, a major hotspot of African amphibian diversity. However, it is not known whether  Bd -GPL or other lineages have been found in this region. This study therefore aims to examine  Bd  lineage diversity in the region and predict the distribution of this pathogen under current and future climate conditions using data from this study and from historical records. Almost 15% (52/360) of individuals tested positive for  Bd  using a standard quantitative PCR diagnostic. Infected amphibians were found at all eight sites sampled in this study. Species distribution models generated in BIOMOD2 indicate that areas with highest predicted environmental suitability occur in the Cameroon highlands and several protected areas throughout the country. These areas of high environmental suitability for  Bd  are projected to shift or decrease in size under future climate change. However, montane regions with high amphibian diversity are predicted to remain highly suitable. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences obtained from a set of positive  Bd  samples indicate that most fall within the  Bd -GPL lineage while the remainder group with isolates from either Brazil or South Korea. Although more in depth phylogenetic analyses are needed, identification of  Bd -GPL lineages in areas of high amphibian diversity emphasizes the need to continue to monitor for  Bd  and develop appropriate conservation strategies to prevent its further spread.

Distribution modeling and lineage diversity of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in a central African amphibian hotspot