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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a plant trait that involves interactions between nuclear- and mitochondrial genomes. In CMS, the nuclear  restorer-of-fertility  gene ( Rf ), a suppressor of male-sterility inducing mitochondria, is one of the best known genetic factors. Other unidentified genetic factors may exist but have not been well characterized. In sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris  L.), CMS is used for hybrid seed production, but few male-sterility inducing nuclear genotypes exist. Such genotypes could be introduced from a closely related plant such as leaf beet, but first the fertility restoring genotype of the related plant must be characterized. Here, we report the discovery of a Japanese leaf beet accession ‘Fukkoku-ouba’ that has both male-sterility inducing and fertility restoring genotypes. We crossed the leaf beet accession with a sugar beet CMS line, developed succeeding generations, and examined the segregation of two DNA markers that are linked to two sugar beet  Rf s,  Rf1  and  Rf2 . Only the  Rf2  marker co-segregated with fertility restoration in every generation, implying that the  Rf1  locus in leaf beet is occupied by a non-restoring allele. Fertility restoration was incomplete without a genetic factor closely linked to  Rf1 , leading to the assumption that the  Rf1  locus encodes a modifier that cannot restore fertility by itself but perhaps strengthens another  Rf . We sequenced the apparently non-restoring ‘Fukkoku-ouba’  rf1  gene-coding region and found that it closely resembles a restoring allele. The protein product demonstrated its potential to suppress CMS in transgenic suspension cells. In contrast, ‘Fukkoku-ouba’  rf1  transcript abundance was highly reduced compared to that of the restoring  Rf1 . Consistently, changes in protein complexes containing CMS-associated mitochondrial protein in anthers were very minor. Accordingly, we concluded that ‘Fukkoku-ouba’  rf1  is a hypomorph that acts as a non-restoring allele but has the potential to support another  Rf , i.e. it is a modifier candidate.

plos one

A fertility-restoring genotype of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is composed of a weak restorer-of-fertility gene and a modifier gene tightly linked to the Rf1 locus