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Background  Despite the national roll-out of free HIV medicines in Uganda and other sub-Saharan African countries, many HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk of non-adherence due to poverty and other structural and health system related constraints. However, several patients exhibit resilience by attaining and sustaining high levels of adherence amid adversity. Social capital, defined as resources embedded within social networks, is key in facilitating resilience but the mechanism through which it operates remains understudied. This article provides insights into mechanisms through which social capital enables patients on ART in a resource-poor setting to overcome risk and sustain adherence to treatment.    Methodology  The article draws from an ethnographic study of 50 adult male and female HIV patients enrolled at two treatment sites in Uganda, 15 of whom were followed-up for an extended period of six months for narrative interviews and observation. The patients were selected purposively on the basis of socio-demographic and treatment related criteria.    Findings  Social capital protects patients on ART against the risk of non-adherence in three ways. 1) It facilitates access to scarce resources; 2) encourages HIV patients to continue on treatment; and 3) averts risk for non-adherence.    Conclusions  Social capital is a key resource that can be harnessed to promote resilience among HIV patients in a resource-limited setting amid individual, structural and health system related barriers to ART adherence. Invigoration and maintenance of collectivist norms may however be necessary if its protective benefits are to be fully realized.

Social capital and resilience among people living on antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor Uganda