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Calcium is an important second messenger in plants that is released into the cytosol early after recognition of various environmental stimuli. Decoding of such calcium signals by calcium sensors is the key for the plant to react appropriately to each stimulus. Several members of Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) act as calcium sensors and some are known to mediate both abiotic and biotic stress responses. Here, we study the role of the  Arabidopsis thaliana  CML9 in different stress responses. CML9 was reported earlier as defense regulator against  Pseudomonas syringae . In contrast to salicylic acid-mediated defense against biotrophic pathogens such as  P .  syringae , defenses against herbivores and necrotrophic fungi are mediated by jasmonates. We demonstrate that  CML9  is induced upon wounding and feeding of the insect herbivore  Spodoptera littoralis . However, neither different  CML9  loss-of-function mutant lines nor overexpression lines were impaired upon insect feeding. No difference in herbivore-induced phytohormone elevation was detected in  cml9  lines. The defense against the spider mite  Tetranychus urticae  was also unaffected. In addition,  cml9  mutant lines showed a wild type-like reaction to the necrotrophic fungus  Alternaria brassicicola . Thus, our data suggest that CML9 might be a regulator involved only in the defense against biotrophic pathogens, independent of jasmonates. In addition, our data challenge the involvement of CML9 in plant drought stress response. Taken together, we suggest that CML9 is a specialized rather than a general regulator of stress responses in  Arabidopsis .

Herbivory-responsive calmodulin-like protein CML9 does not guide jasmonate-mediated defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana