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Sensory processing is regulated by the coordinated excitation and inhibition of neurons in neuronal circuits. The analysis of neuronal activities has greatly benefited from the recent development of genetically encoded Ca 2+  indicators (GECIs). These molecules change their fluorescence intensities or colours in response to changing levels of Ca 2+  and can, therefore, be used to sensitively monitor intracellular Ca 2+  concentration, which enables the detection of neuronal excitation, including action potentials. These GECIs were developed to monitor increases in Ca 2+  concentration; therefore, neuronal inhibition cannot be sensitively detected by these GECIs. To overcome this difficulty, we hypothesised that an inverse-type of GECI, whose fluorescence intensity increases as Ca 2+  levels decrease, could sensitively monitor reducing intracellular Ca 2+  concentrations. We, therefore, developed a Ca 2+  indicator named inverse-pericam 2.0 (IP2.0) whose fluorescent intensity decreases 25-fold upon Ca 2+  binding  in vitro . Using IP2.0, we successfully detected putative neuronal inhibition by monitoring the decrease in intracellular Ca 2+  concentration in AWC ON  and ASEL neurons in  Caenorhabditis elegans . Therefore, IP2.0 is a useful tool for studying neuronal inhibition and for the detailed analysis of neuronal activities  in vivo .

plos one

An improved inverse-type Ca2+ indicator can detect putative neuronal inhibition in Caenorhabditis elegans by increasing signal intensity upon Ca2+ decrease