English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The fornicata (fornicates) is a eukaryotic group known to consist of free-living and parasitic organisms. Genome datasets of two model fornicate parasites  Giardia intestinalis  and  Spironucleus salmonicida  are well annotated, so far. The nuclear genomes of  G .  intestinalis  assemblages and  S .  salmonicida  are small in terms of the genome size and simple in genome structure. However, an ancestral genomic structure and gene contents, from which genomes of the fornicate parasites have evolved, remains to be clarified. In order to understand genome evolution in fornicates, here, we present the draft genome sequence of a free-living fornicate,  Kipferlia bialata , the divergence of which is earlier than those of the fornicate parasites, and compare it to the genomes of  G .  intestinalis  and  S .  salmonicida . Our data show that the number of protein genes and introns in  K .  bialata  genome are the most abundant in the genomes of three fornicates, reflecting an ancestral state of fornicate genome evolution. Evasion mechanisms of host immunity found in  G .  intestinalis  and  S .  salmonicida  are absent in the  K .  bialata  genome, suggesting that the two parasites acquired the complex membrane surface proteins on the line leading to the common ancestor of  G .  intestinalis  and  S .  salmonicida  after the divergence from  K .  bialata . Furthermore, the mitochondrion related organelles (MROs) of  K .  bialata  possess more complex suites of metabolic pathways than those in  Giardia  and in  Spironucleus . In sum, our results unveil the process of reductive evolution which shaped the current genomes in two model fornicate parasites  G .  intestinalis  and  S .  salmonicida .

The draft genome of Kipferlia bialata reveals reductive genome evolution in fornicate parasites