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Some filamentous fungi of the  Trichoderma  genus are used as biocontrol agents against airborne and soilborne phytopathogens. The proposed mechanism by which  Trichoderma  spp. antagonizes phytopathogens is through the release of lytic enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, mycoparasitism, and the induction of systemic disease-resistance in plants. Here we analyzed the role of TGF-1 ( T richoderma  G cn  F ive- 1 ), a histone acetyltransferase of  Trichoderma atroviride , in mycoparasitism and antibiosis against the phytopathogen  Rhizoctonia solani . Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes histone acetylation, slightly affected  T .  atroviride  and  R .  solani  growth, but not the growth of the mycoparasite over  R .  solani . Application of TSA to the liquid medium induced synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. Expression analysis of the mycoparasitism-related genes  ech-42  and  prb-1 , which encode an endochitinase and a proteinase, as well as the secondary metabolism-related genes  pbs-1  and  tps-1 , which encode a peptaibol synthetase and a terpene synthase, respectively, showed that they were regulated by TSA. A  T .  atroviride  strain harboring a deletion of  tgf-1  gene showed slow growth, thinner and less branched hyphae than the wild-type strain, whereas its ability to coil around the  R .  solani  hyphae was not affected. Δ tgf-1  presented a diminished capacity to grow over  R .  solani , but the ability of its mycelium -free culture filtrates (MFCF) to inhibit the phytopathogen growth was enhanced. Intriguingly, addition of TSA to the culture medium reverted the enhanced inhibition growth of Δ tgf-1  MFCF on  R .  solani  at levels compared to the wild-type MFCF grown in medium amended with TSA. The presence of  R .  solani  mycelium in the culture medium induced similar proteinase activity in a Δ tgf-1  compared to the wild-type, whereas the chitinolytic activity was higher in a Δ tgf-1  mutant in the absence of  R .  solani , compared to the parental strain. Expression of mycoparasitism- and secondary metabolism-related genes in Δ tgf-1  was differentially regulated in the presence or absence of  R .  solani . These results indicate that histone acetylation may play important roles in the biocontrol mechanisms of  T .  atroviride .

Histone acetyltransferase TGF-1 regulates Trichoderma atroviride secondary metabolism and mycoparasitism