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Range-restricted species generally have specific niche requirements and may often have unique evolutionary histories. Unfortunately, many of these species severely lack basic research, resulting in poor conservation strategies. The phylogenetic relationship of the Critically Endangered Forest Owlet  Heteroglaux blewitti  has been the subject of a century-old debate. The current classifications based on non-phylogenetic comparisons of morphology place the small owls of Asia into three genera, namely,  Athene ,  Glaucidium , and  Heteroglaux . Based on morphological and anatomical data,  H .  blewitti  has been alternatively hypothesized to belong within  Athene ,  Glaucidium , or its own monotypic genus  Heteroglaux . To test these competing hypotheses, we sequenced six loci (~4300 bp data) and performed phylogenetic analyses of owlets. Mitochondrial and nuclear trees were not congruent in their placement of  H .  blewitti . However, both mitochondrial and nuclear combined datasets showed strong statistical support with high maximum likelihood bootstrap (>/ = 90) and Bayesian posterior probability values (>/ = 0.98) for  H .  blewitti  being nested in the currently recognized  Athene  group, but not sister to Indian  A .  brama . The divergence of  H .  blewitti  from its sister taxa was between 4.3 and 5.7 Ma coinciding with a period of drastic climatic changes in the Indian subcontinent. This study presented the first genetic analysis of  H .  blewitti , a Critically Endangered species, and addressed the long debate on the relationships of the  Athene - Heteroglaux - Glaucidium  complex. We recommend further studies with more data and complete taxon sampling to understand the biogeography of Indian  Athene  species.

The critically endangered forest owlet Heteroglaux blewitti is nested within the currently recognized Athene clade: A century-old debate addressed