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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis  ( Bd ), a causal agent of the amphibian fungal skin disease chytridiomycosis, has been implicated in the decline and extinction of over 200 species worldwide since the 1970s. Despite almost two decades of research, the history of  Bd  and its global spread is not well understood. However, the spread of the Global Panzootic Lineage of  Bd  ( Bd -GPL), the lineage associated with amphibian die-offs, has been linked with the American bullfrog ( Rana  [ Aqurana ]  catesbeiana ) and global trade. Interestingly,  R .  catesbeiana  is native to the eastern U.S., where no  Bd -related declines have been observed despite  Bd ’s presence since the late 1800s. In contrast  Bd  has been found to have emerged in California and Mexico in the 1960s and 1970s, after which epizootics ( i . e ., epidemics in wildlife) ensued. We hypothesize that  Bd -GPL spread from the eastern U.S. with the introduction of  R .  catesbeiana  into the western US, resulting in epizootics and declines of native host species. Using museum records, we investigated the historical relationship between  R .  catesbeiana  and  Bd  invasion in the western US and found that  R .  catesbeiana  arrived in the same year or prior to  Bd  in most western watersheds that had data for both species, suggesting that  Bd -GPL may have originated in the eastern US and  R .  catesbeiana  may have facilitated  Bd  invasion in the western US. To predict areas with greatest suitability for  Bd , we created a suitability model by integrating habitat suitability and host availability. When we incorporated invasion history with high  Bd  suitability, we found that watersheds with non-native  R .  catesbeiana  in the mountain ranges of the West Coast have the highest disease risk. These findings shed light on the invasion history and disease dynamics of  Bd  in North America. Targeted historical surveys using archived specimens in natural history collections and present-day field surveys along with more localized, community-level studies, monitoring, and surveillance are needed to further test this hypothesis and grow our understanding of the disease ecology and host-pathogen dynamics of  Bd .

Introduced bullfrog facilitates pathogen invasion in the western United States