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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the  substantia nigra  of the human brain, leading to depletion of dopamine production. Dopamine replacement therapy remains the mainstay for attenuation of PD symptoms. Nonetheless, the potential benefit of current pharmacotherapies is mostly limited by adverse side effects, such as drug-induced dyskinesia, motor fluctuations and psychosis. Non-dopaminergic receptors, such as human A 2A  adenosine receptors, have emerged as important therapeutic targets in potentiating therapeutic effects and reducing the unwanted side effects. In this study, new chemical entities targeting both human A 2A  adenosine receptor and dopamine D 2  receptor were designed and evaluated. Two computational methods, namely support vector machine (SVM) models and Tanimoto similarity-based clustering analysis, were integrated for the identification of compounds containing indole-piperazine-pyrimidine (IPP) scaffold. Subsequent synthesis and testing resulted in compounds  5  and  6 , which acted as human A 2A  adenosine receptor binders in the radioligand competition assay ( K  i  = 8.7–11.2 μM) as well as human dopamine D 2  receptor binders in the artificial cell membrane assay (EC 50  = 22.5–40.2 μM). Moreover, compound  5  showed improvement in movement and mitigation of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in  Drosophila  models of PD. Furthermore,  in vitro  toxicity studies on compounds  5  and  6  did not reveal any mutagenicity (up to 100 μM), hepatotoxicity (up to 30 μM) or cardiotoxicity (up to 30 μM).

Discovery of indolylpiperazinylpyrimidines with dual-target profiles at adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors for Parkinson's disease treatment