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Macrophytes are known to release allelochemicals that have the ability to inhibit the proliferation of their competitors. Here, we investigated the effects of the fresh leaves of two magnoliophytes ( Zostera noltei  and  Cymodocea nodosa ) and thalli of the macroalgae  Ulva rigida  on three HAB-forming benthic dinoflagellates ( Ostreopsis  cf.  ovata ,  Prorocentrum lima , and  Coolia monotis ). The effects of  C .  nodosa  and  U .  rigida  were also tested against the neurotoxic planktonic dinoflagellate  Alexandrium pacificum  Litaker sp. nov (former  Alexandrium catenella ). Co-culture experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and potential allelopathic effects of the macrophytes on the growth, photosynthesis and toxin production of the targeted dinoflagellates were evaluated. Results showed that  U .  rigida  had the strongest algicidal effect and that the planktonic  A .  pacificum  was the most vulnerable species. Benthic dinoflagellates seemed more tolerant to potential allelochemicals produced by macrophytes. Depending on the dinoflagellate/macrophyte pairs and the weight of leaves/thalli tested, the studied physiological processes were moderately to heavily altered. Our results suggest that the allelopathic activity of the macrophytes could influence the development of HAB species.

New insights on the species-specific allelopathic interactions between macrophytes and marine HAB dinoflagellates