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Rationale  The impact of prevention strategies and risk factors for early-onset (EOP) versus late-onset (LOP) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are still debated.    Objectives  To evaluate, in a multicenter cohort, the risk factors for EOP and LOP, as the evolution of prevention strategies.    Methods  7,784 patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) for at least 48 hours were selected into the multicenter prospective OUTCOMEREA database (1997–2016). VAP occurring between the 3 rd  and 6 th  day of MV defined EOP, while those occurring after defined LOPs. We used a Fine and Gray subdistribution model to take the successful extubation into account as a competing event.    Measurements and main results  Overall, 1,234 included patients developed VAP (EOP: 445 (36%); LOP: 789 (64%)). Male gender was a risk factor for both EOP and LOP. Factors specifically associated with EOP were admission for respiratory distress, previous colonization with multidrug-resistant  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , chest tube and enteral feeding within the first 2 days of MV. Antimicrobials administrated within the first 2 days of MV were all protective of EOP. ICU admission for COPD exacerbation or pneumonia were early risk factors for LOP, while imidazole and vancomycin use within the first 2 days of MV were protective factors. Late risk factors (between the 3 rd  and the 6 th  day of MV) were the intra-hospital transport, PAO2-FIO2<200 mmHg, vasopressor use, and known colonization with methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus . Among the antimicrobials administered between the 3 rd  and the 6 th  day, fluoroquinolones were the solely protective one.Contrarily to LOP, the risk of EOP decreased across the study time periods, concomitantly with an increase in the compliance with bundle of prevention measures.    Conclusion  VAP risk factors are mostly different according to the pneumonia time of onset, which should lead to differentiated prevention strategies.

plos one

Respective impact of implementation of prevention strategies, colonization with multiresistant bacteria and antimicrobial use on the risk of early- and late-onset VAP: An analysis of the OUTCOMEREA network