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Background  Close contact between pets and owners provides the opportunity for transmission of antimicrobial resistant organisms like extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC)-producing  Enterobacteriaceae , posing a risk to public health.    Objectives  To investigate whether raw feed is a risk factor for household cats to shed ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae , a cohort study was designed. Additionally, raw and non-raw commercial pet food products were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae .    Methods  Weekly fecal samples of 17 cats in the control group and 19 cats in the exposed group were collected for three weeks and analyzed for the presence of ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae . Questionnaires were obtained to determine additional risk factors. Fecal samples were cultured on MacConkey agar supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. PCR and sequence analysis was used for screening for ESBL genes in suspected isolates. Pet food samples were cultured in LB broth supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime and processed as described above.    Results  In the cohort study, ESBL-producing bacteria were isolated from 3 of 51 (5.9%) samples in the control group compared to 37 of 57 (89.5%) samples in the exposed group. A significant association was found between ESBL shedding and feeding raw pet food products (OR = 31.5). No other risk factors were identified in this study. ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae  were isolated from 14 of 18 (77.8%) raw pet food products and 0 of 35 non-raw pet food products.    Conclusions  This study shows a strong association between shedding of ESBL-producing bacteria in household cats and feeding raw pet food. Raw pet food was often contaminated with ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae .

Raw pet food as a risk factor for shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in household cats