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The agent responsible for prion diseases is a misfolded form of a normal protein (PrP C ). The prion hypothesis stipulates that PrP C  must be present for the disease to manifest. Cervid populations across the world are infected with chronic wasting disease, a horizontally-transmissible prion disease that is likely spread via oral exposure to infectious prions (PrP CWD ). Though PrP CWD  has been identified in many tissues, there has been little effort to characterize the overall PrP C  expression in cervids and its relationship to PrP CWD  accumulation. We used immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to describe PrP C  expression in naïve white-tailed deer. We used real-time, quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to detect prion seeding activity in CWD-infected deer. We assessed tissues comprising the alimentary tract, alimentary-associated lymphoid tissue and systemic lymphoid tissue from 5 naïve deer. PrP C  was expressed in all tissues, though expression was often very low compared to the level in the CNS. IHC identified specific cell types wherein PrP C  expression is very high. To compare the distribution of PrP C  to PrP CWD , we examined 5 deer with advanced CWD infection. Using RT-QuIC, we detected prion seeding activity in all 21 tissues. In 3 subclinical deer sacrificed 4 months post-inoculation, we detected PrP CWD  consistently in alimentary-associated lymphoid tissue, irregularly in alimentary tract tissues, and not at all in the brain. Contrary to our hypothesis that PrP C  levels dictate prion accumulation, PrP C  expression was higher in the lower gastrointestinal tissues than in the alimentary-associated lymphoid system and was higher in salivary glands than in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue. These data suggest that PrP C  expression is not the sole driver of prion accumulation and that alimentary tract tissues accumulate prions before centrifugal spread from the brain occurs.

PrPC expression and prion seeding activity in the alimentary tract and lymphoid tissue of deer