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The ability of plants to identify an optimal flowering time is critical for ensuring the production of viable seeds. The main environmental factors that influence the flowering time include the ambient temperature and day length. In wheat, the ability to assess the day length is controlled by photoperiod ( Ppd)  genes. Due to its allohexaploid nature, bread wheat carries the following three  Ppd-1  genes:  Ppd-A1 ,  Ppd-B1  and  Ppd-D1 . While photoperiod (in)sensitivity controlled by  Ppd-A1  and  Ppd-D1  is mainly determined by sequence changes in the promoter region, the impact of the  Ppd-B1  alleles on the heading time has been linked to changes in the copy numbers (and possibly their methylation status) and sequence changes in the promoter region. Here, we report that plants with the same number of  Ppd-B1  copies may have different heading times. Differences were observed among F 7  lines derived from crossing two spring hexaploid wheat varieties. Several lines carrying three copies of  Ppd-B1  headed 16 days later than other plants in the population with the same number of gene copies. This effect was associated with changes in the gene expression level and methylation of the  Ppd-B1  gene.

Heritable heading time variation in wheat lines with the same number of Ppd-B1 gene copies