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A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the stress responses and biochemical adaptations of four submerged macrophytes,  Potamogeton crispus ,  Myriophyllum spicatum ,  Egeria densa , and  Potamogeton oxyphyllus , to the combined exposure of hypoxia and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S, provided by NaHS). The investigated plants were subjected to a control, hypoxia, 0.1mM NaHS, 0.5 mM NaHS, 0.1 mM NaHS+hypoxia and 0.5 mM NaHS+hypoxia conditions. All experimental plants grew optimally under control, hypoxic and NaHS conditions in comparison to that grown in the combined exposure of hypoxia and hydrogen sulfide. For  P .  crispus  and  M .  spicatum , significant decreases of total chlorophyll and increases in oxidative stress (measured by hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 , and malondialdehyde, MDA) were observed with exposure to both sulfide concentrations. However, the decrease in catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) from exposure to 0.5 mM NaHS suggests that the function of the protective enzymes reached their limit under these conditions. In contrast, for  E .  densa  and  P .  oxyphyllus , the higher activities of the three antioxidative enzymes and their anaerobic respiration abilities (ADH activity) resulted in higher tolerance and susceptibility under high sulfide concentrations.

Biochemical adaptations of four submerged macrophytes under combined exposure to hypoxia and hydrogen sulphide