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Manifestations of  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection can range from self-limiting upper respiratory symptoms to various neurological complications, including speech and language impairment. But an association between  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection and speech and language impairment has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection and subsequent speech and language impairment in a nationwide population-based sample using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified 5,406 children with  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection (International Classification of Disease, Revision 9, Clinical Modification code 4830) and compared to 21,624 age-, sex-, urban- and income-matched controls on subsequent speech and language impairment. The mean follow-up interval for all subjects was 6.44 years (standard deviation = 2.42 years); the mean latency period between the initial  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection and presence of speech and language impairment was 1.96 years (standard deviation = 1.64 years). The results showed that  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection was significantly associated with greater incidence of speech and language impairment [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.23–1.80]. In addition, significantly increased hazard ratio of subsequent speech and language impairment in the groups younger than 6 years old and no significant difference in the groups over the age of 6 years were found (HR = 1.43, 95% CI:1.09–1.88 for age 0–3 years group; HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.25–2.23 for age 4–5 years group; HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.54–2.39 for age 6–7 years group; and HR = 0.83, 95% CI:0.23–2.92 for age 8–18 years group). In conclusion,  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  infection is temporally associated with incident speech and language impairment.

The association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and speech and language impairment: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan