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The Migidae are a family of austral trapdoor spiders known to show a highly restricted and disjunct distribution pattern. Here, we aim to investigate the phylogeny and historical biogeography of the group, which was previously thought to be vicariant in origin, and examine the biogeographic origins of the genus  Moggridgea  using a dated multi-gene phylogeny.  Moggridgea  specimens were sampled from southern Australia and Africa, and  Bertmainus  was sampled from Western Australia. Sanger sequencing methods were used to generate a robust six marker molecular dataset consisting of the nuclear genes  18S  rRNA,  28S  rRNA,  ITS  rRNA,  XPNPEP3  and  H3  and the mitochondrial gene  COI . Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods were used to analyse the dataset, and the key dispersal nodes were dated using BEAST. Based on our data, we demonstrate that  Moggridgea rainbowi  from Kangaroo Island, Australia is a valid member of the otherwise African genus  Moggridgea . Molecular clock dating analyses show that the inter-specific divergence of  M .  rainbowi  from African congeners is between 2.27–16.02 million years ago (Mya). This divergence date significantly post-dates the separation of Africa from Gondwana (95 Mya) and therefore does not support a vicariant origin for Australian  Moggridgea . It also pre-dates human colonisation of Kangaroo Island, a result which is further supported by the intra-specific divergence date of 1.10–6.39 Mya between separate populations on Kangaroo Island. These analyses provide strong support for the hypothesis that  Moggridgea  colonised Australia via long-distance trans-Indian Ocean dispersal, representing the first such documented case in a mygalomorph spider.

Across the Indian Ocean: A remarkable example of trans-oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider