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Most of the thermal tolerance studies on fish have been performed on juveniles and adults, whereas limited information is available for larvae, a stage which may have a particularly narrow range in tolerable temperatures. Moreover, previous studies on thermal limits for marine and freshwater fish larvae (53 studies reviewed here) applied a wide range of methodologies (e.g. the static or dynamic method, different exposure times), making it challenging to compare across taxa. We measured the Critical Thermal Maximum ( CT   max  ) of Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) and European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) larvae using the dynamic method (ramping assay) and assessed the effect of warming rate (0.5 to 9°C h -1 ) and acclimation temperature. The larvae of herring had a lower  CT   max   (lowest and highest values among 222 individual larvae, 13.1–27.0°C) than seabass (lowest and highest values among 90 individual larvae, 24.2–34.3°C). At faster rates of warming, larval  CT   max   significantly increased in herring, whereas no effect was observed in seabass. Higher acclimation temperatures led to higher  CT   max   in herring larvae (2.7 ± 0.9°C increase) with increases more pronounced at lower warming rates. Pre-trials testing the effects of warming rate are recommended. Our results for these two temperate marine fishes suggest using a warming rate of 3–6°C h -1 :  CT  max  is highest in trials of relatively short duration, as has been suggested for larger fish. Additionally, time-dependent thermal tolerance was observed in herring larvae, where a difference of up to 8°C was observed in the upper thermal limit between a 0.5- or 24-h exposure to temperatures >18°C. The present study constitutes a first step towards a standard protocol for measuring thermal tolerance in larval fish.

Effects of warming rate, acclimation temperature and ontogeny on the critical thermal maximum of temperate marine fish larvae