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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes to the evolution of bacteria. All extraintestinal pathogenic  Escherichia coli  (ExPEC) harbour pathogenicity islands (PAIs), however relatively little is known about the acquisition of these PAIs. Due to these islands, ExPEC have properties to colonize and invade its hosts efficiently. Even though these PAIs are known to be acquired by HGT, only very few PAIs do carry mobilization and transfer genes required for the transmission by HGT. In this study, we apply for the first time next-generation sequencing (NGS) and  in silico  analyses in combination with  in vitro  experiments to decipher the mechanisms of PAI acquisition in ExPEC. For this, we investigated three neighbouring  E .  coli  PAIs, namely the high-pathogenicity island (HPI), the  pks  and the  serU  island. As these PAIs contain no mobilization and transfer genes, they are immobile and dependent on transfer vehicles. By whole genome sequencing of the entire  E .  coli  reference (ECOR) collection and by applying a phylogenetic approach we could unambiguously demonstrate that these PAIs are transmitted not only vertically, but also horizontally. Furthermore, we could prove  in silico  that distinct groups of PAIs were transferred " en bloc " in conjunction with the neighbouring chromosomal backbone. We traced this PAI transfer  in vitro  using an F' plasmid. Different lengths of transferred DNA were exactly detectable in the sequenced transconjugants indicating NGS as a powerful tool for determination of PAI transfer.

Investigation of horizontal gene transfer of pathogenicity islands in Escherichia coli using next-generation sequencing