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The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Albania is higher than in other countries of southern Europe, however the role of local sand fly species in the transmission of  Leishmania infantum  was not addressed conclusively. In 2006, a country-wide collection of sand flies performed in 14 sites selected based on recent occurrence of VL cases showed that  Phlebotomus neglectus  was by far the most prevalent species (95.6%). Furthermore, 15% of pools made from 422  P .  neglectus  females tested positive for  Leishmania  sp. genomic DNA. In the same year,  Culicoides  trapping was performed for bluetongue disease surveillance in 91 sites of southern Albania, targeting livestock farms regardless recent occurrence of VL in the surveyed areas. In 35 sites where sand flies were collected along with midges,  Phlebotomus perfiliewi  was the most prevalent among the  Phlebotomus  species identified, however search for leishmanial DNA in females of this species was unsuccessful. In 2011, sand flies were trapped in 4 sites of north Albania characterized by high VL incidence, and females were dissected to search for  Leishmania  infections. Both  P .  neglectus  and  P .  tobbi  were collected at high densities. Two positive specimens were detected from a sample of 64  P .  neglectus  trapped in one site (3.1%). Parasites were successfully cultured from one specimen and characterized as belonging to  Leishmania infantum  zymodeme MON-1, the only zymodeme so far identified as the agent of human and canine leishmaniasis in the country. Altogether our studies indicate that  P .  neglectus  is the main leishmaniasis vector in Albania.

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The current status of phlebotomine sand flies in Albania and incrimination of Phlebotomus neglectus (Diptera, Psychodidae) as the main vector of Leishmania infantum