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The aims of the study were to determine the blood feeding preferences of sandflies and to identify species of  Leishmania  that infected phlebotomines in Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil, an area that is highly endemic for leishmaniasis. Sandflies were captured in light traps located in the peridomiciliary environments of randomly selected houses in urban and rural settings between 1800 and 0600 hours on new moon days between March 2013 and February 2015. DNA extracts from 982 engorged female sandflies were submitted to fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify infecting species of  Leishmania , and blood sources were identified for 778 of these specimens. Infection by  Leishmania infantum  was detected in  Lutzomyia longipalpis ,  Lu .  whitmani  and  Lu .  termitophila; L .  infantum/L .  braziliensis  in  Lu .  longipalpis ,  Lu .  whitmani  and  Lu .  trinidadensis; L .  shawi  in  Lu .  longipalpis; L .  mexicana  in  Lu .  longipalpis; L .  braziliensis  in  Lu .  longipalpis  and  Lu .  whitmani ;  L .  guyanensis  in  Lu .  longipalpis  and  Lu .  termitophila ;  L .  amazonensis  in  Lu .  longipalpis  and  L .  lainsoni  or  L .  naiffi  in  Lu .  longipalpis , while  Lu .  longipalpis  and  Lu .  trinidadensis  were infected with unidentified  Leishmania  sp. Blood sources were identified in 573 individual phlebotomines and the preferred hosts were, in decreasing order, chicken, dog, rodent and human with lower preferences for pig, horse, opossum and cattle.  Lu .  longipalpis  and  Lu .  whitmani  performed mixed feeding on man, dog and rodent, while  Lu .  longipalpis  was the most opportunistic species, feeding on the blood of all hosts surveyed, but preferably on dog/chicken, dog/rodent and rodent/chicken. Our findings reveal the concomitant circulation of  Leishmania  species that cause visceral leishmaniasis and tegumentary leishmaniasis in the study area, and explain the occurrence of autochthonous human cases of both clinical forms of leishmaniasis in Caxias, Maranhão. The results support our hypothesis that, in the municipality of Caxias, transmission of  Leishmania  occurs in close proximity to humans.

Leishmania infection and blood food sources of phlebotomines in an area of Brazil endemic for visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis