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The  CONSTANS/FLOWERING LOCUS T  ( CO/FT ) regulon plays a central role in the control of flowering time in photoperiod-sensitive plants. Flowering time in wild cotton ( Gossypium  spp.) has strict photoperiod sensitivity, but domesticated cotton is day-neutral. Information on the molecular characterization of the  CO  and  CO -like ( COL ) genes in cotton is very limited. In this study, we identified 42  COL  homologs ( GhCOL s) in the  G .  hirsutum  genome, and many of them were previously unreported. We studied their chromosome distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and structures of genes and proteins. Our results showed that GhCOLs were classified into three groups, and 14 COLs in group I showed conserved structure when compared with other plants. Two homoeologous pairs,  GhCOL1-A  and  GhCOL1-D  in Group I, showed the highest sequence similarity to  Arabidopsis thaliana CO  and rice  CO  homologous gene  Heading date1  ( Hd1 ). Tissue-specific expression showed that 42  GhCOL  genes may function as tissue-specific regulators in different cells or organs. We cloned and sequenced the 14  GhCOL  genes in Group I related to flowering induction to study their diurnal expression pattern, and found that their expression showed distinct circadian regulation. Most of them peaked at dawn and decreased rapidly to their minima at dusk, then started to accumulate until following dawn under long- or short-day conditions. Transgenic study in the  Arabidopsis co-2  mutant demonstrated that  GhCOL1-A  and  GhCOL1-D  fully rescued the late-flowering phenotype, whereas  GhCOL3-A ,  GhCOL3-D ,  GhCOL7-A , and  GhCOL7-D  partially rescued the late-flowering phenotype, and the other five homoeologous pairs in Group I did not promote flowering. These results indicate that  GhCOL1-A  and  GhCOL1-D  were potential flowering inducers, and are candidate genes for research in flowering regulation in cotton.

Identification and characterization of CONSTANS-like (COL) gene family in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)