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Background  The incidence of lower genital tract infections in China has been increasing in recent years. The link between high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remains unclear.    Methods  From March to October 2014, gynecological examinations and questionnaires were conducted on 1218 married women. Cervical secretions and vaginal swab specimens were tested for  Chlamydia trachomatis  ( CT ),  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  ( NG ),  Ureaplasma urealyticum  ( UU ), yeast, clue cells and HR-HPV.    Results  Laboratory results were available for 1195 of 1218 married women. HR-HPV was detected in 7.0% of participants. Forty-seven percent of women had lower genital tract infections (LGTIs).  UU  was the most common infection (35.5%), followed by bacterial vaginosis (BV) (10.5%), yeast infection (3.7%),  CT  (2.2%), and  Trichomonas vaginalis  (1.7%). BV was associated with an increased risk of HR- HPV ( P  < 0.0001; odds ratio, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7–5.4]). There was a strong correlation between abnormal cervical cytology and HR-HPV infection ( P  < 0.0001).    Conclusions  The prevalence of LGTIs in Beijing is at a high level. It is clinically important to screen for the simultaneous presence of pathogens that cause co-infections with HR-HPV.

plos one

Epidemiological investigation of the relationship between common lower genital tract infections and high-risk human papillomavirus infections among women in Beijing, China