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Phaeobacter inhibens  DSM 17395, a model organism for marine  Roseobacter  group, was studied for its response to its own antimicrobial compound tropodithietic acid (TDA). TDA biosynthesis is encoded on the largest extrachromosomal element of  P .  inhibens , the 262 kb plasmid, whose curation leads to an increased growth and biomass yield. In this study, the plasmid-cured strain was compared to the wild-type strain and to transposon mutants lacking single genes of the TDA biosynthesis. The data show that the growth inhibition of the wild-type strain can be mainly attributed to the TDA produced by  P .  inhibens  itself. Oxygen uptake rates remained constant in all strains but the growth rate dropped in the wild-type which supports the recently proposed mode of TDA action. Metabolome analysis showed no metabolic alterations that could be attributed directly to TDA. Taken together, the growth of  P .  inhibens  is limited by its own antibacterial compound due to a partial destruction of the proton gradient which leads to a higher energetic demand. The universal presence of TDA biosynthesis in genome-sequenced isolates of the genus  Phaeobacter  shows that there must be a high benefit of TDA for  P .  inhibens  in its ecological niche despite the drawback on its metabolism.

The limits to growth – energetic burden of the endogenous antibiotic tropodithietic acid in Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395