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Background  Muscle atrophy with aging is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and lifestyle-related diseases. In the present study, we assessed whether post-exercise milk product intake during 5-month interval walking training (IWT) enhanced the increase in thigh muscle strength and ameliorated susceptibility to inflammation in older women.    Methods  Subjects [n = 37, 66±5 (standard deviation) yrs] who had been performing IWT for >6 months participated in this study. They were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: IWT alone (CNT, n = 12), IWT + low-dose post-exercise milk product intake (LD, n = 12; 4 g protein and 3 g carbohydrate) or IWT + a 3-times higher dose of milk product intake than the LD group (HD, n = 13). They were instructed to repeat ≥5 sets of fast and slow walking for 3 min each at ≥70% and 40% peak aerobic capacity for walking, respectively, per day for ≥4 days/week.    Results  After IWT, thigh muscle strength increased in the HD group (8±2%) more than in the CNT group (-2±3%,  P  = 0.022), despite similar IWT achievements between the groups ( P >0.15). Pyrosequencing analysis using whole blood showed that methylation of  NFKB1  and  NFKB2 , master genes of inflammation, was enhanced in the HD group (29±7% and 44±11%, respectively) more than in the CNT group (-20±6% and -10±6%, respectively;  P <0.001). Moreover, the genome-wide DNA methylation analysis showed that several inflammation-related genes were hyper-methylated in the HD group compared with that in the CNT group, suggesting greater pro-inflammatory cytokine gene suppression in the HD group.    Conclusion  HD milk product intake after exercise produced a greater percent increase in thigh muscle strength and  NFKB1  and  NFKB2  gene methylation during IWT in physically active older women.    Trial registration  UMIN-CTR No.  UMIN000024544  and No.  UMIN000024912

plos one

Effects of milk product intake on thigh muscle strength and NFKB gene methylation during home-based interval walking training in older women: A randomized, controlled pilot study