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Allatotropins (AT) are neuropeptides with pleotropic functions on a variety of insect tissues. They affect processes such as juvenile hormone biosynthesis, cardiac rhythm, oviduct and hindgut contractions, nutrient absorption and circadian cycle. The present work provides experimental evidence that AT elicits immune responses in two important mosquito disease vectors,  Anopheles albimanus  and  Aedes aegypti . Hemocytes and an immune-competent mosquito cell line responded to AT by showing strong morphological changes and increasing bacterial phagocytic activity. Phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph was also increased in  Ae .  aegypti  mosquitoes treated with AT but not in  An .  albimanus , suggesting differences in the AT-dependent immune activation in the two species. In addition, two important insect immune markers, nitric oxide levels and expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, were increased in  An .  albimanus  guts after AT treatment. AT conjugated to quantum dot nanocrystals (QDots) specifically labeled hemocytes  in vivo  in both mosquito species, implying molecular interactions between AT and hemocytes. The results of our studies suggest a new role for AT in the modulation of the immune response in mosquitoes.

Allatotropin: A pleiotropic neuropeptide that elicits mosquito immune responses