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Legionella pneumophila  contaminates man-made water systems and creates numerous exposure risks for Legionnaires’ Disease. Because copper/silver ionization is commonly used to control  L .  pneumophila , its mechanisms of metal response and detoxification are of significant interest. Here we describe an  L .  pneumophila  operon with significant similarity to the GIG operon of  Cupriavidus metallidurans . The  Legionella  GIG operon is present in a subset of strains and has been acquired as part of the ICE-βox 65-kB integrative conjugative element. We assessed GIG promoter activity following exposure of  L .  pneumophila  to multiple concentrations of HAuCl 4 , CuSO 4 and  AgNO 3 . At 37°C, control stationary phase cultures exhibited GIG promoter activity. This activity increased significantly in response to 20 and 50uM HAuCl 4  and CuSO 4  but not in response to AgNO 3 . Conversely, at 26°C, cultures exhibited decreased promoter response to copper. GIG promoter activity was also induced by HAuCl 4  or CuSO 4  during early biofilm establishment at both temperatures. When an  L .  pneumophila  GIG promoter construct was transformed into  E .  coli  DH5α, cultures showed baseline expression levels that did not increase following metal addition. Analysis of  L .  pneumophila  transcriptional regulatory mutants suggested that GIG up-regulation in the presence of metal ions may be influenced by the stationary phase sigma factor, RpoS.

The Legionella pneumophila GIG operon responds to gold and copper in planktonic and biofilm cultures