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Languages employ different strategies to transmit structural and grammaticalinformation. While, for example, grammatical dependency relationships insentences are mainly conveyed by the ordering of the words for languages likeMandarin Chinese, or Vietnamese, the word ordering is much less restricted forlanguages such as Inupiatun or Quechua, as those languages (also) use theinternal structure of words (e.g. inflectional morphology) to mark grammaticalrelationships in a sentence. Based on a quantitative analysis of more than1,500 unique translations of different books of the Bible in more than 1,100different languages that are spoken as a native language by approximately 6billion people (more than 80% of the world population), we present large-scaleevidence for a statistical trade-off between the amount of information conveyedby the ordering of words and the amount of information conveyed by internalword structure: languages that rely more strongly on word order informationtend to rely less on word structure information and vice versa. In addition, wefind that - despite differences in the way information is expressed - there isalso evidence for a trade-off between different books of the biblical canonthat recurs with little variation across languages: the more informative theword order of the book, the less informative its word structure and vice versa.We argue that this might suggest that, on the one hand, languages encodeinformation in very different (but efficient) ways. On the other hand,content-related and stylistic features are statistically encoded in verysimilar ways.

The statistical trade-off between word order and word structure - large-scale evidence for the principle of least effort