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Background  Administering intravenous antibiotics during labor to women at risk for transmitting Group B Streptococcus (GBS) can prevent infections in newborns. However, the impact of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on mothers’ microbial community composition is largely unknown. We compared vaginal microbial composition in pregnant women experiencing preterm birth at ≤ 32 weeks gestation that received intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with that in controls.    Methods  Microbiota in vaginal swabs collected shortly before delivery from GBS positive women that received penicillin intravenously during labor or after premature rupture of membranes was compared to controls. Microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing using the PGM Ion Torrent to determine the effects of penicillin use during hospitalization and GBS status on its composition.    Results  Penicillin administration was associated with an altered vaginal microbial community composition characterized by increased microbial diversity.  Lactobacillus  sp. contributed only 13.1% of the total community in the women that received penicillin compared to 88.1% in the controls.  Streptococcus  sp. were present in higher abundance in GBS positive woman compared to controls, with 60% of the total vaginal microbiota in severe cases identified as  Streptococcus sp .    Conclusions  Vaginal communities of healthy pregnant women were dominated by  Lactobacillu s sp. and contained low diversity, while Group B  Streptococcus  positive women receiving intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis had a modified vaginal microbiota composition with low abundance of  Lactobacillus  but higher microbial diversity.

Diversity and composition of vaginal microbiota of pregnant women at risk for transmitting Group B Streptococcus treated with intrapartum penicillin