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Background  Since  Spartina alterniflora  (simplified as  Spartina ) has strong ecological competitiveness and rapid growth, it has been introduced and living in the coastal wetland regions of China for more than 30 years. Taking coastal wetland in the Beibu Gulf of south China as an example, the effects of  Spartina  invasion on soil quality were investigated to provide scientific basis for soil management.    Methodology  The soil quality of six different coastal wetlands, i.e. mangrove (vegetation coverage is above 95%), mangrove-  Spartina  ecotones (vegetation coverage is above 95%), sparse mangrove (vegetation coverage is 10%-20%), sparse mangrove-  Spartina  ecotones (vegetation coverage is about 80%),  Spartina  (vegetation coverage is about 80%) and bare beach (no plants), were analyzed using the following indicators: pH, cation exchange capacity, contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial carbon / organic carbon, and activities of urease, acid phosphatase, invertase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase.    Principal Findings  The results showed that compared to mangrove wetland, most indicators in the mangrove- Spartina  wetland showed a decline tendency except pH value, and the contents of total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, and the activities of acid phosphatase and invertase were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared to sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach, the  Spartina  invasion wetland (sparse mangrove- Spartina  wetland and  Spartina  wetland) had higher contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase, so soil quality in the sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach was significantly improved. Factor Analysis and PCA also showed that: the quality of mangrove wetland soil is better than that of mangrove- Spartina  ecotones wetland soil; the quality of sparse mangrove- Spartina  ecotones wetland soil is better than that of sparse mangrove wetland soil; the quality of  Spartina  wetland soil is better than that of bare beach wetland soil.    Conclusions/Significance  Therefore, in the invaded Beibu Gulf wetland ecosystems of south China, for the mangrove wetlands where the productivity of native plant was higher than that of  Spartina , the  Spartina  invasion can cause soil degradation significantly and it must be strictly controlled, while for sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach where the productivity of native plant was lower than that of  Spartina ,  Spartina  invasion can improve the soil quality. Thus our study may help to better understand the effect of plant invasion.

Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil Quality in Coastal Wetland of Beibu Gulf of South China