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Malaria is endemic in the American continent and the Amazonian rainforest is the region with the highest risk of transmission. However, the lack of suitable experimental models to infect malaria vectors from the Americas has limited the progress to understand the biology of transmission in this region.  Anopheles aquasalis , a major vector in coastal areas of South America, was found to be highly refractory to infection with two strains of  Plasmodium falciparum  (NF54 and 7G8) and with  Plasmodium berghei  (mouse malaria), even when the microbiota was eliminated with antibiotics and oxidative stress was reduced with uric acid. In contrast,  An .  aquasalis  females treated with antibiotics and uric acid are susceptible to infection with a second murine parasite,  Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis  N67 (PyN67).  Anopheles albimanus , one of the main malaria vectors in Central America, Southern Mexico and the Caribbean, was more susceptible to infection with PyN67 than  An .  aquasalis , even in the absence of any pre-treatment, but was still less susceptible than  Anopheles stephensi . Disruption of the complement-like system in  An .  albimanus  significantly enhanced PyN67 infection, indicating that the mosquito immune system is mounting effective antiplasmodial responses. PyN67 has the ability to infect a broad range of anophelines and is an excellent model to study malaria transmission by South American vectors.

Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (N67) Is a Robust Animal Model to Study Malaria Transmission by South American Anopheline Mosquitoes