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Despite the presence of  Culex (Cx . ) pipiens  mosquitoes and circulation of West Nile virus (WNV), WNV outbreaks have so far not occurred in northern Europe. The species  Cx .  pipiens  consists of two morphologically identical biotypes,  pipiens  and  molestus , which can form hybrids. Until now, population dynamic studies of  Cx .  pipiens  have not differentiated between biotypes and hybrids at the European scale, nor have they used comparative surveillance approaches. We therefore aimed to elucidate the relative abundance of  Cx .  pipiens  biotypes and hybrids in three habitat types at different latitudes across Europe, using two different surveillance traps. BG-Sentinel and Mosquito-Magnet Liberty Plus traps were placed in three habitat types (farms, peri-urban, wetlands), in three European countries (Sweden, The Netherlands, Italy). Collected  Cx .  pipiens  mosquitoes were identified to biotype with real-time PCR. Both trap types collected equal ratios of the biotypes and their hybrids. From northern to southern latitudes there was a significant decrease of  pipiens  and an increase of  molestus . Habitat types influenced the relative ratios of biotypes and hybrids, but results were not consistent across latitudes. Our results emphasize the need to differentiate  Cx .  pipiens  to the biotype level, especially for proper future WNV risk assessments for Europe.

Latitudinal Diversity of Culex pipiens Biotypes and Hybrids in Farm, Peri-Urban, and Wetland Habitats in Europe