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Hyphantria cunea  (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is an invasive insect pest which, in China, causes unprecedented damage and economic losses due to its extreme fecundity and wide host range, including forest and shade trees, and even crops. Compared to the better known lepidopteran species which use Type-I pheromones, little is known at the molecular level about the olfactory mechanisms of host location and mate choice in  H .  cunea , a species using Type-II lepidopteran pheromones. In the present study, the  H .  cunea  antennal transcriptome was constructed by Illumina Hiseq 2500 TM  sequencing, with the aim of discovering olfaction-related genes. We obtained 64,020,776 clean reads, and 59,243 unigenes from the analysis of the transcriptome, and the putative gene functions were annotated using gene ontology (GO) annotation. We further identified 124 putative chemosensory unigenes based on homology searches and phylogenetic analysis, including 30 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 17 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 52 odorant receptors (ORs), 14 ionotropic receptors (IRs), nine gustatory receptors (GRs) and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). We also found many conserved motif patterns of OBPs and CSPs using a MEME system. Moreover, we systematically analyzed expression patterns of OBPs and CSPs based on reverse transcription PCR and quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) with RNA extracted from different tissues and life stages of both sexes in  H .  cunea . The antennae-biased expression may provide a deeper further understanding of olfactory processing in  H .  cunea . The first ever identification of olfactory genes in  H .  cunea  may provide new leads for control of this major pest.

Analysis of the Antennal Transcriptome and Insights into Olfactory Genes in Hyphantria cunea (Drury)