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Because synonymy treatment traditionally relies on morphological judgments, it usually causes many problems in species delimitation and in the biodiversity catalogue. For example,  Diplopterygium simulans , which belongs to the Gleicheniaceae family, has been considered to be synonymous with  D .  glaucum  or  D .  giganteum  based mainly on the morphology of its pinna rachis and blade. In the absence of molecular evidence, these revisions remain doubtful. DNA barcoding, which is considered to be a powerful method for species-level identification, was employed to assess the genetic distance among 9 members of the  Diplopterygium  genus. The results indicate that  D .  simulans  is an independent species rather than a synonymy of  D .  glaucum  or  D .  giganteum . Moreover, phylogenetic analysis uncovered the sisterhood of  D .  simulans  and  D .  cantonense , which is supported by their geographical distributions and morphological traits. Incorrect synonymy treatment is prevalent in the characterization of biological diversity, and our study proposes a convenient and effective method for validating synonym treatments and discovering cryptic species.

plos one

Re-establishment of species from synonymies based on DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis using Diplopterygium simulans (Gleicheniaceae) as an example