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This study investigates the quantitative bacterial recovery of Methicillin-resistant S taphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) in nasal screenings by utilizing dry or moistened swabs within an  in vivo  and an  in vitro  experimental setting. 135 nasal MRSA carriers were each swabbed in one nostril with a dry and in the other one with a moistened rayon swab. Quantitative bacterial recovery was measured by standard viable count techniques. Furthermore, an anatomically correct artificial nose model was inoculated with a numerically defined suspension of MRSA and swabbed with dry and moistened rayon, polyurethane-foam and nylon-flocked swabs to test these different settings and swab-materials under identical laboratory conditions.  In vivo , quantities of MRSA per nostril in carriers varied between <10 1  and >10 7  colony forming units, with a median of 2.15x10 4  CFU. However, no statistically significant differences could be detected for the recovery of MRSA quantities when swabbing nasal carriers with moist or dry rayon swabs.  In vitro  testing confirmed the  in vivo  data for swabs with rayon, polyurethane and nylon-flocked tips, since pre-moistening of swabs did not significantly affect the quantities of retrieved bacteria. Therefore, pre-moistening of swabs prior to nasal MRSA sampling provides no advantage in terms of recovering greater bacterial quantities and therefore can be omitted. In addition, this situation can be mimicked in an  in vitro  model, thereby providing a useful basis for future  in vitro  testings of new swab types or target organisms for screening approaches.

Utilizing Moist or Dry Swabs for the Sampling of Nasal MRSA Carriers? An In Vivo and In Vitro Study