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The red yeast  X .  dendrorhous  is one of the few natural sources of astaxanthin, a carotenoid used in aquaculture for salmonid fish pigmentation and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its antioxidant properties. Genetic control of carotenogenesis is well characterized in this yeast; however, little is known about the regulation of the carotenogenesis process. Several lines of evidence have suggested that carotenogenesis is regulated by catabolic repression, and the aim of this work was to identify and functionally characterize the  X .  dendrorhous MIG1  gene encoding the catabolic repressor Mig1, which mediates transcriptional glucose-dependent repression in other yeasts and fungi. The identified gene encodes a protein of 863 amino acids that demonstrates the characteristic conserved features of Mig1 proteins, and binds  in vitro  to DNA fragments containing Mig1 boxes. Gene functionality was demonstrated by heterologous complementation in a  S .  cerevisiae mig1  -  strain; several aspects of catabolic repression were restored by the  X .  dendrorhous MIG1  gene. Additionally, a  X .  dendrorhous mig1  -  mutant was constructed and demonstrated a higher carotenoid content than the wild-type strain. Most important, the  mig1   -   mutation alleviated the glucose-mediated repression of carotenogenesis in  X .  dendrorhous : the addition of glucose to  mig1  -  and wild-type cultures promoted the growth of both strains, but carotenoid synthesis was observed only in the mutant strain. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that several genes were differentially expressed between  X .  dendrorhous mig1  -  and the wild-type strain when cultured with glucose as the sole carbon source. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that catabolic repression in  X .  dendrorhous  is an active process in which the identified  MIG1  gene product plays a central role in the regulation of several biological processes, including carotenogenesis.

plos one

The Involvement of Mig1 from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in Catabolic Repression: An Active Mechanism Contributing to the Regulation of Carotenoid Production