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Human leptospirosis is a zoonotic and potentially fatal disease that has increasingly been reported in both developing and developed countries, including France. However, our understanding of the basic aspects of the epidemiology of this disease, including the source of  Leptospira  serogroup Australis infections in humans and domestic animals, remains incomplete. We investigated the genetic diversity of  Leptospira  in 28 species of wildlife other than rats using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and multispacer sequence typing (MST). The DNA of pathogenic  Leptospira  was detected in the kidney tissues of 201 individuals out of 3,738 tested individuals. A wide diversity, including 50 VNTR profiles and 8 MST profiles, was observed. Hedgehogs and mustelid species had the highest risk of being infected (logistic regression, OR = 66.8, CI 95%  = 30.9–144 and OR = 16.7, CI 95%  = 8.7–31.8, respectively). Almost all genetic profiles obtained from the hedgehogs were related to  Leptospira interrogans  Australis, suggesting the latter as a host-adapted bacterium, whereas mustelid species were infected by various genotypes, suggesting their interaction with  Leptospira  was different. By providing an inventory of the circulating strains of  Leptospira  and by pointing to hedgehogs as a potential reservoir of  L .  interrogans  Australis, our study advances current knowledge on  Leptospira  animal carriers, and this information could serve to enhance epidemiological investigations in the future.

Hedgehogs and Mustelid Species: Major Carriers of Pathogenic Leptospira, a Survey in 28 Animal Species in France (20122015)