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Sperm are allogenic to the female genital tract; however, oviducts provide optimal conditions for survival and capacitation of these non-self cells until fertilization. Recently, we showed that oviduct-conditioned media and prostaglandin E 2  (PGE 2 ) suppress sperm phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) under physiological conditions. We hypothesized that sperm binding to bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs) could change the local innate immunity via PGE 2 . As the first step to obtain basic information, sub-confluent BOEC monolayers were co-cultured with swim-up sperm for 2 h. BOECs with viable bound sperm were cultured for an additional 3, 6, 12, or 24 h. Then, we confirmed the impact of the sperm-BOEC binding on both BOECs and PMN gene expression. Immunohistochemistry revealed that BOECs strongly express TGFB1 and IL10 in the oviduct. Sperm binding to BOECs in culture induced the anti-inflammatory cytokines ( TGFB1  and  IL10 ) and PGE 2  production by BOECs. Exogenous PGE 2   in vitro  suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression ( TNF  and  IL1B ) in BOECs. Moreover, pre-exposure of PMNs to BOEC-conditioned media suppressed the  TNF  expression, but the BOEC media co-cultured with sperm stimulated PMNs to express  TGFB1  and  IL10 , with increasing PGE 2  secretion. Of note, exogenous PGE 2  led PMNs  in vitro  to decrease their  TNF  expression and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines expression. Our findings strongly suggest that BOECs provide an anti-inflammatory environment under physiological conditions and the sperm-BOEC binding further strengthens this milieu thus suppresses PMNs in the bovine oviduct. PGE 2  is likely to drive this stable anti-inflammatory environment in the oviduct.

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Sperm Binding to Oviduct Epithelial Cells Enhances TGFB1 and IL10 Expressions in Epithelial Cells as Well as Neutrophils In Vitro: Prostaglandin E2 As a Main Regulator of Anti-Inflammatory Response in the Bovine Oviduct