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Patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) may present chronic hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusion and respiratory tract infection (RTI) episodes. Galectin-3 (GAL-3) is a multifunctional protein involved in inflammation, apoptosis, adhesion and resistance to reactive oxygen species. Studies point to a dual role for GAL-3 as both a circulation damage-associated molecular pattern and a cell membrane associated pattern recognition receptor.    Objective  To investigate associations between the SNPs of GAL-3 gene ( LGALS3 ) and serum levels with RTI and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in children with SCA.    Materials and Methods  SNPs +191 and +292 in  LGALS3  were studied using the TaqMan real-time PCR system; GAL-3 serum levels were measured by ELISA. The study included 79 children with SCA ranging from 2 to 12 years old.    Results  GAL-3 serum levels were associated with  LGALS3  +191 and +292 genotypes ( p  <0.0001;  p  = 0.0169, respectively).  LGALS3  +191, AA genotype was associated with low and CC with higher levels of GAL-3. For  LGALS3  +292, the CC genotype was associated with lower GAL-3 and AA with higher levels. Patients with Frequency of RTI (FRTI) ≥1 presented higher frequency of +191AA ( p  = 0.0263) and +292AC/CC genotypes ( p  = 0.0320). SNP +292 was associated with Frequency of VOC (FVOC) ( p  = 0.0347), whereas no association was shown with SNP +191 and FVOC. However, CA/AC and AA/CC genotypes with lower GAL-3 levels showed a higher frequency in patients with FRTI ≥1 ( p  = 0.0170;  p  = 0.0138, respectively). Also, patients with FVOC ≥1 presented association with CA/AC ( p  = 0.0228).  LGALS3  +191 and +292 combined genotypes related to low ( p  = 0.0263) and intermediate expression ( p  = 0.0245) were associated with FRTI ≥1. Lower GAL-3 serum levels were associated with FRTI ≥1 ( p  = 0.0426) and FVOC ≥1 ( p  = 0.0012).    Conclusion  Variation of GAL-3 serum levels related to SNPs at +191 and +292 may constitute a susceptibility factor for RTI and VOC frequency.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at +191 and +292 of Galectin-3 Gene (LGALS3) Related to Lower GAL-3 Serum Levels Are Associated with Frequent Respiratory Tract Infection and Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia