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The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8 +  T cells is a promising approach for the treatment of chronic viral and malignant diseases. In order to improve adoptive T cell therapy (ATT) of cancer, recent strategies aim at the antibody-based blockade of immunosuppressive signaling pathways in CD8 +  T cells. Alternatively, adjuvant effects of immunostimulatory cytokines might be exploited to improve therapeutic CD8 +  T cell responses. For example, Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a potent growth, activation and survival factor for CD8 +  T cells that can be used to improve virus- and tumor-specific CD8 +  T cell responses. Although direct IL-7 effects on CD8 +  T cells were studied extensively in numerous models, the contribution of IL-7 receptor-competent (IL-7R + ) host cells remained unclear. In the current study we provide evidence that CD8 +  T cell-mediated tumor rejection in response to recombinant IL-7 (rIL-7) therapy is strictly dependent on IL-7R +  host cells. On the contrary, CD8 +  T cell expansion is independent of host IL-7R expression. If, however, rIL-7 therapy and peptide vaccination are combined, host IL-7R signaling is crucial for CD8 +  T cell expansion. Unexpectedly, maximum CD8 +  T cell expansion relies mainly on IL-7R signaling in non-hematopoietic host cells, similar to the massive accumulation of dendritic cells and granulocytes. In summary, we provide evidence that IL-7R +  host cells are major targets of rIL-7 that modulate therapeutic CD8 +  T cell responses and the outcome of rIL-7-assisted ATT. This knowledge may have important implications for the design and optimization of clinical ATT protocols.

Interleukin-7 Modulates Anti-Tumor CD8+ T Cell Responses via Its Action on Host Cells