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Bacteria belonging to the genus  Cronobacter  have been recognized as causative agents of life-threatening systemic infections primarily in premature, low-birth weight and immune-compromised neonates. Apparently not all  Cronobacter  species are linked to infantile infections and it has been proposed that virulence varies among strains. Whole genome comparisons and  in silico  analysis have proven to be powerful tools in elucidating potential virulence determinants, the presence/absence of which may explain the differential virulence behaviour of strains. However, validation of these factors has in the past been hampered by the availability of a suitable neonatal animal model. In the present study we have used zebrafish embryos to model  Cronobacter  infections  in vivo  using wild type and genetically engineered strains. Our experiments confirmed the role of the RepF1B-like plasmids as “virulence plasmids” in  Cronobacter  and underpinned the importantce of two putative virulence factors— cpa  and  zpx —in  in vivo  pathogenesis. We propose that by using this model  in vivo  infection studies are now possible on a large scale level which will boost the understanding on the virulence strategies employed by these pathogens.

Linking Genomo- and Pathotype: Exploiting the Zebrafish Embryo Model to Investigate the Divergent Virulence Potential among Cronobacter spp.