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Background  The failure to establish potent anti-HBV T cell responses suggests the absence of an effective innate immune activation. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages have an essential role in establishing anti-HBV responses. These cells express the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induces Th1 cell differentiation, whereas CD86 expression drives the differentiation towards a Th2 profile. The relative expression of CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 on APCs, regulates T cell activation. Few studies investigated CD80 and CD86 expression on KCs and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in HBV-infected liver and knowledge about the expression of PD-L1 on these cells is controversial. The expression of these molecules together in CD68 +  cells has not been explored in HBV-infected livers.    Methods  Double staining immunohistochemistry was applied to liver biopsies of HBV-infected and control donors to explore CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 expression in the lobular and portal areas.    Results  Chronic HBV infection was associated with increased CD68 + CD86 +  cell count and percentage in the lobular areas, and no changes in the count and percentage of CD68 + CD80 +  and CD68 + PD-L1 +  cells, compared to the control group. While CD68 + CD80 +  cell count in portal areas correlated with the fibrosis score, CD68 + CD80 +  cell percentage in lobular areas correlated with the inflammation grade.    Conclusion  The upregulation of CD86 but not CD80 and PD-L1 on CD68 +  cells in HBV-infected livers, suggests that these cells do not support the induction of potent Th1. Moreover, the expression of CD80 on CD68 +  cells correlates with liver inflammation and fibrosis.

Increased CD86 but Not CD80 and PD-L1 Expression on Liver CD68+ Cells during Chronic HBV Infection