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We describe for the first time the detection of  Coxiella -like bacteria (CLB),  Theileria luwenshuni , and  T .  ovis  endosymbionts in blood-sucking deer keds. Eight deer keds attached to a Korean water deer were identified as  Lipoptena fortisetosa  (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) by morphological and genetic analyses. Among the endosymbionts assessed, CLB,  Theileria luwenshuni , and  T .  ovis  were identified in  L .  fortisetosa  by PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Based on phylogeny, CLB 16S rRNA sequences were classified into clade B, sharing 99.4% identity with CLB from  Haemaphysalis longicornis  in South Korea. Although the virulence of CLB to vertebrates is still controversial, several studies have reported clinical symptoms in birds due to CLB infections. The 18S rRNA sequences of  T .  luwenshuni  and  T .  ovis  in this study were 98.8–100% identical to those in GenBank, and all of the obtained sequences of  T .  ovis  and  T .  luwenshuni  in this study were 100% identical to each other, respectively. Although further studies are required to positively confirm  L .  fortisetosa  as a biological vector of these pathogens, strong genetic relationships among sequences from this and previous studies suggest potential transmission among mammalian hosts by ticks and keds.

Novel Detection of Coxiella spp., Theileria luwenshuni, and T. ovis Endosymbionts in Deer Keds (Lipoptena fortisetosa)