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The probiotic function to impact human health is thought to be related to their ability to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and modulate the human innate immune system. The ability to function as a probiotic is believed to be strain specific. Strains of  Lactobacillus casei  are commonly utilized as probiotics that when consumed alter the composition of the gut microbiota and modulate the host immune response.  L .  casei  strains are known to differ significantly in gene content. The objective of this study was to investigate seven different  L .  casei  strains for their ability to alter the murine gut microbiota and modulate the murine immune system. C57BL/6 mice were fed  L .  casei  strains at a dose of 10 8  CFU/day/mouse for seven days and sacrificed 3.5h after the last administration. The cecal content and the ileum tissue were collected for microbiota analysis and immune profiling, respectively. While 5 of the  L .  casei  strains altered the gut microbiota in a strain specific manner, two of the strains did not alter the overall cecal microbiota composition. The observed changes cluster into three groups containing between 1 and 2 strains. Two strains that did not affect the gut microbiota composition cluster together with the control in their impact on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expression, suggesting that the ability to alter the cecal microbiota correlates with the ability to alter PRR expression. They also cluster together in their impact on the expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This result suggests that a relationship exists between the capability of a  L .  casei  strains to alter the composition of the gut microbiota, PRR regulation, and AMP regulation.

The Impact of Lactobacillus casei on the Composition of the Cecal Microbiota and Innate Immune System Is Strain Specific