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The objective of the study was to examine a population of free-living carnivorous mammals most commonly found in Poland (red fox, beech marten, and raccoon) for the occurrence of bacteria that are potentially pathogenic for humans and other animal species and to determine their virulence potential (the presence of selected virulence genes). From the total pool of isolates obtained (n = 328), we selected 90 belonging to species that pose the greatest potential threat to human health:  Salmonella  spp. (n = 19; 4.51%),  Yersinia enterocolitica  (n = 10; 2.37%),  Listeria monocytogenes  and  L .  ivanovii  (n = 21), and  Staphylococcus aureus  (n = 40; 9.5%). The  Salmonella  spp. isolates represented three different subspecies;  S .  enterica  subsp.  enterica  accounted for a significant proportion (15/19), and most of the serotypes isolated ( S . Typhimurium,  S . Infantis,  S . Newport and  S . Enteritidis) were among the 10 non-typhoidal  Salmonella  serotypes that are most often responsible for infections in Europe, including Poland.  Y .  enterococlitica  was detected in the smallest percentage of animals, but 60% of strains among the isolates tested possessed the  ail  gene, which is responsible for attachment and invasion. Potentially pathogenic  Listeria  species were isolated from approx. 5% of the animals. The presence of all tested virulence genes was shown in 35% of  L .  monocytogenes  strains, while in the case of the other strains, the genes occurred in varying numbers and configurations. The presence of the  inl A,  inl C,  hly A, and  iap  genes was noted in all strains, whereas the genes encoding PI-PLC, actin, and internalin Imo2821 were present in varying percentages (from 80% to 55%).  S .  aureus  was obtained from 40 individuals. Most isolates possessed the  hla ,  hld  (95% for each), and  hlb  (32.5%) genes encoding hemolysins as well as the gene encoding leukotoxin lukED (70%). In a similar percentage of strains (77.5%), the presence of at least one gene encoding enterotoxin was found, with 12.5% exhibiting the presence of  egc- like variants. In two animals, we also noted the gene encoding the TSST-1 toxin. The results of the study showed that free-living animals may be a significant reservoir of bacteria that are potentially pathogenic for humans. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that, among the animals species studied, the red fox constitutes the most important source of infections.

plos one

Free-Living Species of Carnivorous Mammals in Poland: Red Fox, Beech Marten, and Raccoon as a Potential Reservoir of Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria spp. and Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus