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Objective  Tools to better evaluate the impact of therapy on nerve and muscle disease are needed. Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is sensitive to neuromuscular disease progression as well as to therapeutic interventions including myostatin inhibition and antisense oligonucleotide-based treatments. Whether the technique identifies the impact of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is unknown.    Methods  Ten wild-type ( wt ) C57B6 mice and 10 dystrophin-deficient ( mdx ) mice underwent 2 weeks of 20 min/day EMS on left gastrocnemius and sham stimulation on the right gastrocnemius. Multifrequency EIM data and limb girth were obtained before and at the conclusion of the protocol. Muscle weight,  in situ  force measurements, and muscle fiber histology were also assessed at the conclusion of the study.    Results  At the time of sacrifice, muscle weight was greater on the EMS-treated side than on the sham-stimulated side (p = 0.018 for  wt  and p = 0.007 for  mdx ). Similarly, in  wt  animals, EIM parameters changed significantly compared to baseline (resistance (p = 0.009), reactance (p = 0.0003) and phase (p = 0.002); these changes were due in part to reductions in the EIM values on the EMS-treated side and elevations on the sham-simulated side.  Mdx  animals showed analogous but non-significant changes (p = 0.083, p = 0.064, and p = 0.57 for resistance, reactance and phase, respectively). Maximal isometric force trended higher on the stimulated side in  wt  animals only (p = 0.06). Myofiber sizes in  wt  animals were also larger on the stimulated side than on the sham-stimulated side (p = 0.034); no significant difference was found in the  mdx  mice (p = 0.79).    Conclusion  EIM is sensitive to stimulation-induced muscle alterations in  wt  animals; similar trends are also present in  mdx  mice. The mechanisms by which these EIM changes develop, however, remains uncertain. Possible explanations include longer-term trophic effects and shorter-term osmotic effects.

Electrical Impedance Myography to Detect the Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation in Wild Type and Mdx Mice