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Flowering time is a critical trait for crops cultivated under various temperature/photoperiod conditions around the world. To understand better the flowering time of rice, we used the vector pTCK303 to produce several lines of RNAi knockdown transgenic rice and investigated their flowering times and other agronomic traits. Among them, the heading date of  FRRP1 -RNAi knockdown transgenic rice was 23–26 days earlier than that of wild-type plants.  FRRP1  is a novel rice gene that encodes a C3HC4-type Really Interesting Novel Gene (RING) finger domain protein. In addition to the early flowering time,  FRRP1 -RNAi knockdown transgenic rice caused changes on an array of agronomic traits, including plant height, panicle length and grain length. We analyzed the expression of some key genes associated with the flowering time and other agronomic traits in the  FRRP1 -RNAi knockdown lines and compared with that in wild-type lines. The expression of  Hd3a  increased significantly, which was the key factor in the early flowering time. Further experiments showed that the level of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) was noticeably reduced in the  FRRP1 -RNAi knockdown transgenic rice lines compared with wild-type plants and MBP- FRRP1 -F1 was capable of self-ubiquitination. The results indicate that Flowering Related RING Protein 1 ( FRRP1 ) is involved in histone H2B monoubiquitination and suggest that  FRRP1  functions as an E3 ligase  in vivo  and  in vitro . In conclusion,  FRRP1  probably regulates flowering time and yield potential in rice by affecting histone H2B monoubiquitination, which leads to changes in gene expression in multiple processes.

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Flowering-Related RING Protein 1 (FRRP1) Regulates Flowering Time and Yield Potential by Affecting Histone H2B Monoubiquitination in Rice (Oryza Sativa)