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We report the spread of a clone of multidrug-resistant (MDR), ESBL-producing ( bla   CTX-M-1 )  Salmonella enterica  subsp.  enterica  serovar Infantis, in the Italian broiler chicken industry and along the food-chain. This was first detected in Italy in 2011 and led to human infection in Italy in 2013–2014.A set (n = 49) of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant (R) isolates of  S . Infantis (2011–2014) from humans, food-producing animals and meat thereof, were studied along with a selected set of earlier and more recent ESC-susceptible (ESC-S) isolates (n = 42, 2001–2014). They were characterized by macrorestriction-PFGE analysis and genetic environment of ESC-resistance. Isolates representative of PFGE-patterns and origin were submitted to Whole Genome Sequencing. The emerging ESC-R clone, detected mainly from broiler chickens, broiler meat and humans, showed a minimum pattern of clinical resistance to cefotaxime, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, beside ciprofloxacin microbiological resistance (MIC 0.25 mg/L). All isolates of this clone harbored a conjugative megaplasmid (~ 280–320 Kb), similar to that described in ESC-susceptible  S . Infantis in Israel (pESI-like) in 2014. This megaplasmid carried the ESBL gene  bla   CTX-M-1 , and additional genes [ tet (A),  sul1 ,  dfrA1  and  dfrA14 ] mediating cefotaxime, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance. It also contained genes conferring enhanced colonization capability, virulence (fimbriae, yersiniabactin), resistance and fitness ( qacE1 ,  mer ) in the intensive-farming environment. This emerging clone of  S . Infantis has been causing infections in humans, most likely through the broiler industry. Since  S . Infantis is among major serovars causing human infections in Europe and is an emerging non-typhoidal  Salmonella  globally, further spread of this lineage in primary productions deserves quick and thorough risk-management strategies.

plos one

Emergence of a Clonal Lineage of Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing Salmonella Infantis Transmitted from Broilers and Broiler Meat to Humans in Italy between 2011 and 2014